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criminology board exam reviewer

Juvenile Delinquency Reviewer 4

Juvenile Delinquency Definition of Terms

1. Adjudicated delinquent: A youth who has been found by a judge
    in juvenile court to have committed a violation of the criminal law,
    that is, a delinquent act.The judge can formally adjudicate the
    youth as an initial step before imposing a disposition
    (a sentence or punishment), or the judge can decide not to
    adjudicate the youth and instead impose conditions that, if met,
    will result in dismissal of the charges.

2. Adjudicatory hearing: The fact finding (trial) phase of a juvenile
    case in which a judge receives and weighs evidence before
    deciding whether a delinquency or status offense has been
    proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

3. Aggravating factors: Factors to be considered that may increase
    the seriousness of the offense, such as prior offenses, weapon
    use, heinous nature of crime, and threats to victims or witnesses.

4. Arrest: A law enforcement officer charges an offender with a
    criminal act or violation of law and takes the offender into
    custody based on probable cause.

5. Conflict resolution: Use of communication skills and creative
    thinking to develop voluntary solutions that are acceptable to
    disputants.

6. Continuum of care: A broad array of juvenile justice programs
    and services ranging from prevention programs for young
    children and youth at risk of delinquency to intervention programs
    serving high-risk youth in secure residential settings.

7. Curfew: A local ordinance that requires, under specific conditions
   and exceptions, a specific group of persons (usually juveniles
   under a certain age) to refrain from unsupervised activities after a
   designated hour within the confines of a selected area, city,
   or county.

8. Custody; Taken into custody: Being in the care of a criminal or
    juvenile justice agency or official or being taken into custody by
    a law enforcement officer pursuant to the laws of arrest if the
    juvenile were an adult and the offense is criminal in nature.

9. Delinquency prevention programs: Programs and services
    designed to keep at-risk youth from entering the juvenile justice
    system.

10. Delinquent act: Any act committed by a youth that would be a
     criminal violation if committed by an adult.

11. Delinquent juvenile: A youth who has been found responsible for
     having committed a delinquent act--the equivalent of being
     found guilty of a criminal offense.

12. Detention: In custody (secure, non-secure, or home
     confinement) while awaiting an adjudication hearing, disposition,
     or commitment placement.

13. Detention hearing: A judicial hearing generally required to be
     held within 72 hours of a youth being taken into custody, at
     which point the court determines whether (1) there is probable
     cause to believe that the youth has committed a delinquent act
     or a court order exists that requires the continued detention of
     the youth, and (2) continued detention is required pending an
     adjudicatory hearing.

14. Disposition hearing: The hearing in a juvenile case (like a
     sentencing hearing in criminal court) at which the court receives
     a predisposition report containing information and
     recommendations to help determine the appropriate sanction.
     These sanctions can include probation, commitment to the
     custody of the state's department of juvenile justice, or
     community-based sanctions.

15. Diversion: A process by which a youth is channeled from the
     juvenile justice system. Examples are Informal Adjustment,
     Truancy Court, etc.

16. Intake: The process used for every youth referred to juvenile
     court. Intake involves screening each youth to determine the
     appropriateness for release or referral to a diversionary program
     or agency for nonofficial or nonjudicial handling. This screening
     also identifies the presence of medical, psychiatric,
     psychological, substance abuse, and educational problems or
     other conditions that may have caused the youth to come to
     the attention of law enforcement or intake. Intake includes initial
     screening of a status offender to determine the recommended
     action to be taken in the best interests of the youth, the family,
     and the community.

17. Juvenile delinquency program: Any program or activity related
      to juvenile delinquency prevention, control, diversion,
      intervention,treatment, rehabilitation, planning, education,
      training, and research.

18. Mediation: A process by which a neutral third person, or
     mediator, encourages and facilitates the resolution of a dispute
     between two or more parties. It is an informal process designed
     to help the disputants reach a mutually acceptable and voluntary
     agreement. Decision making authority rests with the parties.
     The role of the mediator includes, but is not limited to, helping
     the parties identify issues, fostering joint problem solving, and
     exploring settlement alternatives.

19. Mentoring: Generally involves providing support and guidance to
     and spending time on a regular basis with a youth. Mentoring
     activities can include participating in sports, playing games,
     shopping, taking hikes, helping with homework, and
     doing chores.

20. Protective factors: Factors that help to reduce the impact of
     risk factors in a young person's life.

21. Risk factors: Certain problem behaviors present risk factors in
     a young person's life that may contribute to later delinquency.
     A few examples include the availability of drugs and firearms in
     the community, family conflict, and friends who engage in
     problem behaviors.

22. Status offenses: Non-criminal offenses only applicable to
     children--for example, being truant, running away from home,
     possessing alcohol or cigarettes, or violating curfew.

23. Truant: A young person who is absent from school without
     permission or authorization.

24. Victimization: The result of a planned or accidental act that
     causes physical or psychological harm.

25. Violent crime: Crimes of violence include rape, robbery,
     assault, or murder.


   Juvenile Delinquency Definition of Terms: Next Page
Related Readings:
1. Criminology Reviewer
2. Sociology of Crimes Review Questions
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